Historically, people would sign a document in person and either carbon copies on different coloured paper or photocopies would be taken as proof. Electronic signatures are now a routine feature of the modern world. They accelerate transactions that once depended on printers, couriers and wet ink. However, while the technology is straightforward, the legal position is often less so. Questions arise: when does a typed name, a scanned signature or a click of a button amount to a

Value Added Tax ( 'VAT' ) is rarely an area of law which captures public attention. For most, it operates quietly in the background and is embedded in everyday transactions. Yet, from time to time, disputes arise which brings VAT squarely into both the legal and public spotlights; those disputes reveal how questions of classification, policy, and fairness sit beneath what might otherwise appear to be dry fiscal rules. The recent decision of the Court of Appeal of England and

In this article, I have selected 8 cases which all civil practitioners should be aware of, and break down their significance into bitesize chunks complete with analysis. Whilst making this list, I have opted to not select cases which are trite (although I do enjoy the likes of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562, Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1893] 1 QB 256 and Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 , the latter of which y